Contrastive Conjunction and Modal Perfect
Types of conjunction
Different types of conjunctions link information in
different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions establish which
types of links.
1. Conjunctions of
addition and replacement
Additive conjunctions simply
add more information to what is already there. Examples of additive
conjunctions include:
and,
also, in addition, not only … but also, moreover, further, besides.
Example:
The study used a small sample only and was
strongly criticized for this reason. Furthermore, the initial
premise of the research was considered questionable in the light of previous
evidence.
Conjunctions of replacement replace one piece of information
with another. That is, they offer an alternative. Conjunctions of replacement
include the words:
or, or else, alternatively.
Example :
The results could be interpreted to mean that high levels of
protein are beneficial to diet generally. Alternatively, they could
also mean that high protein levels are only beneficial to severely overweight
males.
2. Conjunctions of comparison, contrast and
concession
Comparative conjunctions are used to link two ideas that are
considered to be similar. Comparative conjunctions include the terms:
in the same way, likewise, just
as, both … and.
Example :
Reading aloud to young children stimulates their interest in
books. Similarly, visiting libraries or book fairs has been shown
to increase children’s readiness to engage with print.
Contrastive conjunctions link two ideas that are considered
to be different. Examples of contrastive conjunctions include:
but, however, in contrast, on
the contrary, instead, nevertheless, yet, still, even so, neither … nor.
Example :
This evidence points clearly to a fall in the number of
unemployed. On the other hand, anecdotal evidence from reputable
charities suggests that the number of people seeking financial support has
increased.
Concessive conjunctions are a subgroup of contrastive
conjunctions. They are used to contrast one idea with another where one piece
of information appears to be surprising or unexpected in view of the other
idea. Examples of concessive conjunctions include:
though, although, despite, in
spite of, notwithstanding, whereas, while.
Example :
Even though money has been
poured into literacy programs, literacy levels among 12-15 year olds do not
appear to be improving.
(Modal Perfect)
Pattren
Modal + have + past participle
Could + have + Verb-3
Would + have + Verb-3
Might + have + Verb-3
Should + have + Verb-3
Must + have + Verb-3
The following are some
modal perfect including their meanings and examples
Modal Perfect
|
Meaning
|
Example
|
Could have
|
We had the ability to do
something in the past, but we didn’t do it.
|
The report is considered
nonfactual. Renny could have interviewed some people before writing it.
|
Would have
|
We wanted to do
something, but we didn’t do it in the end.
|
I would have finished is
last nigh. Now I am still doing my work.
|
Might have
|
It is possible that
something happened in the past, but we aren’t sure.
|
We did not see Andra at
the meeting. He might have forgotten it.
|
Should have
|
It was the right thing to
do, but we didn’t do it.
|
Alex had negative
thoughts about you. You should have him the truth.
|
We expected something to
happen, but it didn’t.
|
Lina is disappoited. Her
father should have bought her a bicycle.
|
|
Must have
|
We are almost sure
something happened in the past.
|
My younger sister is
verry happy. She must have got the doll she longed for some time.
|
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